Kulinism

KULINISM (Uberoi, 2000, pp. 52-54)

Kulinism is a custom that Raja Ballala Sena of Bengal introduced. The name derives from the Sanskrit word kulina. According to Kulinism, a few families in different castes were considered noble or superior to other families in the same caste. Kulinism is a distinctive social phenomenon that emerged primarily within certain Brahmin communities in the Bengal region of India. It is characterized by specific marriage practices and customs that have significant social and economic implications. The key elements of kulinism are –

1. Emergence of Kulin Brahmins: Kulinism originated with a group of Brahmins known as “kulin” Brahmins. These Brahmins were believed to be descendants of learned individuals who were invited to Bengal by a medieval king or ruler. They acquired a unique status within the Brahmin caste.

2. Dowry Demands: Kulin families gained a reputation for demanding exceptionally high dowries from the families of brides. The groom’s status as a kulin allowed him to command a substantial price for agreeing to marry a bride.

3. Multiple Marriages: Some kulin families engaged in the practice of having their sons marry multiple wives. This practice became, in essence, a profitable business for these families.

4. Complex Marital Arrangements: The high dowry demands and multiple marriages within kulin families led to intricate and often challenging marital arrangements. It was not uncommon for a kulin groom to have several wives from different families.

5. Living Arrangements: One distinctive aspect of kulinism was the living arrangements of the brides. In some cases, brides from lower-status or economically disadvantaged families were never brought to their husband’s home. Instead, they continued to reside with their parents. The husband would visit his wives at their parental homes and demand money for each visit.

6. Maternal Influence: In kulinism, maternal families play a significant role in the lives of the children. Children were sometimes primarily raised in the maternal uncle’s house rather than the paternal home. This maternal influence was a unique aspect of kulinism.

7. Tragic Consequences: The demanding dowry practices and complex marital arrangements associated with kulinism had tragic consequences. Many girls from less affluent kulin families faced enormous pressure due to the exorbitant dowries demanded by kulin grooms. Some chose to end their lives rather than bring financial ruin to their families.

8. Social Reforms: Kulinism became a subject of concern for social reformers in Bengal. Efforts were made to address the practices associated with kulinism, especially the demanding dowry customs and the hardships faced by brides.

9. Impact of Education: The spread of education, particularly among girls, played a crucial role in challenging and ultimately reducing the prevalence of kulinism. Education empowered women and their families to resist these practices.

So, kulinism was a unique social phenomenon among certain Brahmin communities in Bengal, characterized by high dowry demands, multiple marriages, complex living arrangements, and a tragic toll on young brides. It was ultimately challenged and diminished through social reform efforts and increased access to education.